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Birth defects - sometimes severe - occur at a rate of roughly 1 per 33 births worldwide. Which currently equates to nearly 8 million per year.
Of these, approximately 20% can be accounted for (genetic defects, smoking, viruses and bacteria, obesity, stress etc) the remaining 80% have unknown causes.
The figures come from a five-year large-scale 2017 study :
The overall conclusion remains that a specific cause cannot yet be determined for most birth defects, underscoring the current gaps in knowledge and the challenge of primary prevention.
Source : Etiology and clinical presentation of birth defects: population based studyBMJ 2017;357:j2249
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