====== Static electricity ======

Static electricity has been investigated for more than 2 thousand years. The earliest written scientific accounts of 'static electricity' are believed to be those of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales|Thales of Miletus]] at around 600BC. He thought (correctly, but for the wrong reasons) that it was linked in some way to magnetism.

Explanations of the physical mechanisms behind the phenomenon are still under dispute.

>__“Electrostatics is an exciting area of science, as its most basic scientific questions remain unknown and highly controversial__ ... and yet its consequences are widespread. For example, the identity of the species transferred to generate charge when materials rub is being hotly debated in the leading scientific journals – some researchers argue that it is electrons, others that it is ions, and yet others that it is bits of material.” \\ \\ //Source :// [[http://www.electrostatics.org/abouttheesa.html|Electrostatics Society of America]]

=== Some examples of the confusion around possible explanations : ===

The //Wikipedia// page for [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_electrification#Triboelectric_contact|triboelectric contact charging ]]states that :

>If two different insulators are touched together, such as when a piece of rubber is touched against a piece of glass, then the surface of the rubber will acquire an excess negative charge, and the glass will acquire an equal positive charge. If the surfaces are then pulled apart, a very high voltage is produced. __This so-called 'tribo' or 'rubbing' effect is not well understood. It may be caused by electron-stealing via quantum tunneling, or by transfer of surface ions.__"

Whilst another //Wikipedia// page on the phenomenon [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triboelectric_effect#Mechanism_of_triboelectrification|gives no hint]] that there is any controversy about the effect.

A 2016 paper for the specialist //Journal of Electrostatics// informs :

>When two initially uncharged material surfaces come in contact and then separate, an exchange of charges can occur such that one surface becomes positively charged and the other becomes negatively charged. This basic description of “contact electrification” is one of the most well-known phenomena in physics, and examples arise in almost every industry. __However, a scientific basis for contact charging remains unknown. It is not clear whether the species transferred between surfaces that lead to charging are electrons, ions, or bits of material, how the direction of netcharge transfer depends on material properties[, or why the charge is heterogeneous both in terms of polarity and magnitude across the surface.__ \\ \\ See: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Xiaozhou-Shen/publication/302593696_First-principles_calculation_of_contact_electrification_and_validation_by_experiment/links/5a37cf4ba6fdccdd41fdbed4/First-principles-calculation-of-contact-electrification-and-validation-by-experiment.pdf|First-principles calculation of contact electrification and validation by experiment ]] //Journal of Electrostatics// 82(6–7):11-16

(Note: The term 'electricity' comes from //ἤλεκτρον// [ ēlektron ] meaning 'amber' - which was used to generate electrostatic charges by rubbing on cloth.)

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Also see : [[content:earth_sciences:lightning]]

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